Convergent boundary Essay Example

Focalized limit Paper Depict the major topographic help components on the strong surface of the earth and quickly clarify their statement comparable to the plate tectonics idea. Have you at any point pondered where mountains originated from, why there is an ocean bottom, island circular segments or even spring of gushing lava and what plate structural have to do with this? Well concern no more as the entirety of your inquiry on the earths surfaced topographic alleviation components and plate tectonics are going to be replied. The principal question that may ring a bell is what is a consolation? An alleviation is a land structure that is normally evolved or made on the earths surface, and the investigation of hose land structures is considered geography as such the term topographic help is simply land frames that are examined. These landforms can be concentrated through hypotheses that were started by pioneers, for example, Alfred Wagoner, Harry Hess, J. Outs Wilson and numerous others, propositions men all added to plate tectonics; which is the investigation of the plates that cosmetics the lithosphere, their developments and how these developments has impacted changes in the surfaces geography (Stealer, 2011 , 389). We will compose a custom exposition test on Convergent limit explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Convergent limit explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Convergent limit explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer These plates either sink in to the mantle making subsection zones which happens at concurrent plate edges r move away from one another making magma rise and spread this happens at different plate edges. These plate edges make different alleviation components, for example, volcanoes, Fold Mountains, ocean bottoms and numerous others. How they do this isn't a puzzle as at focalized plate edges its the ascending of magma that makes volcanoes. United plate edge comprise or two plates maritime and mainland The topographic components that are shaped here are because of three event, maritime plates impacting, mainland maritime plates and mainland plates impacting (Mueller, 2005, 140). At the point when a mainland and a maritime plate meet a significant topographic component that will shape is a well of lava, this is an upward mountain that generally have an opening (vent) through which magma or gas streams. What's more, yes plate tectonics idea clarifies this. The idea of plate tectonics is that the separated outside which is called plates move and because of the development of a mainland maritime plate subsection zones are made. The maritime plate is denser than the mainland plate as such it will sink (see figure 1) in to the stratosphere weight will ascend just as gases and the mantle will dissolve it at that point powers its ay to the surface leaving a perpetual imprint or arrangement of a spring of gushing lava. As rocks and magma are being constrained up and this structures the hilly landforms which is a topographic alleviation. Instances of this are Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Peel in Martinique. Where two of similar plates meet for this situation maritime the denser of the two will sink and is stead Of a solitary fountain of liquid magma structure a bended spring of gushing lava mountain island anchored is framed over the sub-ducted plate and case of this can be seen through the Lesser Antilles of the Caribbean and Aleutian Peninsula of Alaska these are topographic component that are too made by the idea of plate tectonics. The last yet not the least is the impact of a mainland plates, none of these plates sing as such steady development makes them impact or slide over one another in any case a similar land structure is framed. It is here that the most noteworthy mountains on the planet develop as at this crash strong stone is folded and blamed. Enormous bits of rock, numerous kilometers wide are pushed on each other like a crease, framing a transcending mountain go. The weight here is extraordinary to such an extent that a huge bit of Asia is being wedged sideways; sneaking out of the manner in which like a watermelon seed pressed between your fingers a brilliant case of this is Himalayan Mountain Range in Asia. These topographic components arent the main ones in presence as unique plate edges additionally adds to major topographic help. Unique plate limits are the place two plates are moving separated from each other (Ritter, 2012)usually maritime . The topographic highlights that create at this limit are because of expansion of the plate limits which causes fracturing in mainland and maritime coverings Stealer, 201 1, 419). This augmentation is brought about by rising convectional flows from the stratosphere, as they rise and approach the surface, convection flows wander at the base of the lithosphere. The veering flows apply a frail strain or pull on the strong plate above it. Pressure and high warmth stream debilitates the skimming, strong plate, making it break separated (see figure 2). The different sides of the now part plate at that point move away from one another, shaping a unique plate limit. The space between these veering plates is loaded up with liquid rocks (magma) from beneath. Contact with seawater cools the gamma, which rapidly cements, shaping new maritime lithosphere. The coherence of this procedure assembles a chain of submarine volcanoes and break valleys called a mid sea edge or a maritime spreading edge. Instances of this can be seen where the Eurasian plate and the North American plate are moving endlessly from one another to frame the mid Atlantic edge situated in the Atlantic Ocean close to Iceland. In finishing up topographic highlights on the earth surface are shaped through the idea of plate tectonics which is the investigation Of the plates that cosmetics the lithosphere, their developments and how these developments has impacted hanged in the surfaces geology (Stealer, 2011 , 389). The developments of these plates structure united plate limit and disparate plate limit and at every one of these limits an alternate topographic help id framed. At unique the division of maritime plates structures maritime edges and at the merged volcanoes, Fold Mountains, mountains and island curves are framed. Highlights saw at these edges share a few similitudes however, likewise change generally. These distinctions are brought about by the various developments showed at every limit and the kinds of plates included; maritime or mainland.

Case Study on Cosmetic Industry Sample Solution

Question: Examine about a Case Study on Cosmetic Industry? Answer: Presentation Consumer loyalty is the essential and the most favored object of each organization on the planet. The organizations then again embrace different limited time exercises to pull in the clients to settle on a buy choice. If there should be an occurrence of makeup industry, it has been seen that lion's share of the clients favor the organizations that embraces better publicizing exercises and guarantee item quality. At that point cost of the item for the most part becomes possibly the most important factor, as individuals consistently like to buy an item that is less expensive and is effectively accessible in the market. Conversation It has been seen that at present that at present larger part of the organizations are selling and raising items via cautiously featuring the shopper inclination and their conduct in regards to utilization of items. The financial impact additionally becomes possibly the most important factor alongside three different factors, for example, humanism, brain research and human studies (Chernev, 2014). Alongside these components, different variables that were seen that affected buying design are impact of individuals like companions, relatives and society. The particular business is viewed as one of the quickest developing and financially stable ventures that by and by work far and wide. Request of items have been expanding as time passes as these items are either for extravagance utilizes just as every day use items like toothpaste, fragrances and antiperspirants, shaving cream and others (Foxall, 2014).. Indeed, even if there should be an occurrence of a portion of the items, the norm and the detail of the items have been moved up to the degree of pharmaceutical items. Sokhatska and Lahotska, (2013) opined that restorative industry in India is packed with female clients and at present comprises of items that are conventional just as current. Be that as it may, the organizations are giving a significant consideration on the bundling and marking process alongside making costs in alluring ad process. The practical objective of these beautifiers fabricating, selling organizations is to make the item appealing from the external setting, and a few looks into have demonstrated that individuals, particularly if there should arise an occurrence of beautifying agents, for the most part lean toward items that are alluring in nature (Urde, Baumgarth Merrilees, 2013). Special exercises are additionally a central point behind the achievement of an item (restorative) and with better limited time strategies and exercises; the organizations can make a brand esteem in this manner picking up favorable position of purchaser inclination. Consequently, it is similarly s ignificant for the organizations to improve limited time movement by utilizing appropriate publicizing channel to make a concentration about the items effectively in the psyches of the buyers. According to various examines did on ladies with respect to inclination and utilization of beautifying agents, the accompanying data is featured that lion's share of the ladies buy makeup as often as possible and are similarly affected about a specific item that is communicated through TV notice (Wilson Gilligan, 2012). The buying component of the makeup is likewise impacted by the most recent patterns among the individuals and tends to follow the progressing patterns of the design business. Prestigious design brands are worried about connecting with popular individuals like big names and individuals having a place with the style world to underwrite their item. Indeed, even it has been seen that clients tend to buy items that are embraced by celebrated individuals and these items are even accepted to be acceptable in quality (Foxall, 2014). The explanation for their reasoning is that when an organization is making more costs with respect to underwriting of an item the quality is well on the way to be predominant. According to the perspectives on Chernev, (2014) inquires about have demonstrated that individuals tend to suggest a corrective item on the off chance that they are pulled in by the commercial and even verbal assumes a significant job in publicizing an item through proposal. The examination additionally introduced the finding that so as to make progress, the beautifying agents assembling and selling organizations ought to depend on better limited time exercises to achieve business achievement. End In the wake of completing the point by point study, it is reasoned that better and viable special exercises are genuinely necessary to determine or achieve achievement. Special variables assume a significant job to give an itemized thought regarding the buy dynamic procedure in the forthcoming days. VIP underwriting is another significant promoting procedure attempted by the worldwide organizations to guarantee purchaser inclination and encourage deals of items. Be that as it may, the verbal strategy keeps on being the most significant achievement factors for the beautifying agents organizations. Reference Chernev, A., (2014).Strategic promoting the executives. Cerebellum Press. Foxall, G. (2014).Strategic Marketing Management (RLE Marketing)(Vol. 3). Routledge. Mullins, J., Walker, O. C., Boyd Jr, H. W. (2012).Marketing administration: A key dynamic methodology. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Sokhatska, O., Lahotska, N. (2013). Vital promoting management.Journal of european economy, (12, 1), 117-120. Urde, M., Baumgarth, C., Merrilees, B. (2013). Brand direction and market orientationFrom options to synergy.Journal of Business Research,66(1), 13-20. Wilson, R. M., Gilligan, C. (2012).Strategic advertising the executives. Routledge.

Great Independent Press Books Indie Press Round-Up for December

Great Independent Press Books Indie Press Round-Up for December Not many new books get released in December, so I took the opportunity to read some great independent press books from earlier in the year that caught my eye. All the books below were published in 2019 and are available now. Ive included a memoir, an essay collection, a work of literary criticism, and two short story collections. The variety that independent presses offer is astounding. About 75% of my reading from this year was published by indies, and its been a very fun, very satisfying reading experience. I can promise you that if you pick up more books from indies you wont be sorry. Check out the books below and give one of these presses a try! This Is My Body: A Memoir of Religious and Romantic Obsession by Cameron Dezen Hammon (Lookout Books) I love a good memoir about faith, organized religion, and grappling with belief, or the lack of it. In this example, Cameron Dezen Hammon converts to Christianity as a young woman and falls in love with her new faith. She moves to Houston to marry and take up a life as a music minister. Soon, however, problems crop up. Many of the people she works with do not believe that women should be church leaders, and her male colleagues do not easily accept her authority. Her marriage begins to flounder, and she becomes obsessed with another man. Hammons book is a beautifully written account of how difficult it is to be an ambitious woman and have a career in the church. Its a powerful story of struggling to keep her faith alive, keep her marriage on solid ground, and stay true to her ideals and to herself. Ghosts of You  by Cathy Ulrich (Okay Donkey Press) Ghosts of You is a collection of stories about murdered women. The first story begins, The thing about being the murdered girl is you set the plot in motion. Each story after that begins the same way, except with a different category of womanâ€"teacher, actress, mother, politician, etc.â€"substituted for girl. The pieces look briefly but intensely at the consequences of violence and loss. Together, they paint a picture of a world where womens murders are sensationalized. Violence against women is at the heart of so many of the stories we tell, kickstarting the plots that keep us entertained. But the book avoids participating in this sensationalizing by addressing the murdered women as you throughout, keeping the focus on the murdered ones rather than the murderers. Ghosts of You is beautifully written, smart, and haunting. Some of Us Are Very Hungry Now  by Andre Perry (Two Dollar Radio) This essay collection ranges from San Francisco to Hong Kong to Iowa City. It covers scenes from Perrys experiences in an elite Washington, D.C., high school, in lively San Francisco neighborhoods, and in graduate school for creative writing. He writes about being a music journalist, about the times people have used racial slurs in his presence, and about the ways he did and did not feel he belonged in various spaces. The essays are intimate and honest, and each one uses personal material to grapple with questions of identity. Perry explores cities, art, friendship, racism, education, drinking, and being young and trying to find ones way forward. Some of the essays experiment with form. The pieces are consistently challenging and surprising. Meander, Spiral, Explode: Design and Pattern in Narrative  by Jane Alison (Catapult) If you like to read about how fiction works, this book is for you. Jane Alison argues that the traditional arc or triangle (often referred to as Freytags Pyramid) that a plot might follow is fine but limiting. Stories take shapes other than exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution. They can wander like a river or spiral like a fingerprint. They can explode like a firecracker. They can do anything! This book celebrates the many shapes that fiction can take. Fascinatingly, its various forms are often based on natural phenomenon. Alison describes these various patterns and then offers examples of each, thereby adding to your understanding of how fiction works and lengthening your TBR list. This is literary criticism that is both groundbreaking and a pleasure to read. Its a book that will change the way you think about fiction. Fish Soup  by Margarita García Robaya, Translated by Charlotte Coombe (Charco Press) Fish Soup  is a collection of short stories and two novellas about life on the Caribbean coast of Colombia. They describe livesâ€"often the lives of girls and young womenâ€"in uncertainty and turmoil. In one of the novellas, a young woman longs to leave Colombia but finds her ambitions thwarted. In the other, a girl grapples with the abstinence curriculum taught in her Catholic school as compared to the reality of the sexual explorations going on around her. The stories include a range of characters and situations, and each one captures a world that feels complex and real. García Robayos writing is dark. Her characters predicaments are messy and their worlds are often grim. The pleasures of the book come from the sharp detail with which García Robayo captures the environments and the inner lives of her characters. Each piece in this collection is evocative, suggestive, and daring. Want even more recommendations for great independent press books? Check out my round-ups from October and November.

5 books to keep your reluctant middle schoolers reading all summer long

It can be hard to keep your child reading after the school year end. These are five of my favorite books to recommend for any reluctant middle school reader. These stories will keep them engaged and excited to read all summer long! 1. The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan Rick Riordan was a middle school teacher before publishing his bestselling series, so he knows how to keep middle school students engaged. These books are not only exciting, but they are also filled with Greek mythology, and a diverse cast of characters. 2. Belly Up by Stuart Gibbs Stuart Gibbs excels at writing fun, hilarious, and engaging stories. When an animal at the zoo turns up dead, no one suspects foul play but Henry. Belly Up follows Henry as he investigates the crime. 3. A Dash of Dragon by Heidi Lang and Kati Bartkowski Do you have a fantasy obsession kid at home? This one is for them! This story is filled with magic and dragons that will keep their imagination going all summer long. 4. Ghost by Jason Reynolds This is perfect for any child obsessed with sports, particularly running. Ghost is chosen for an elite middle school track team, that could qualify him for the Junior Olympics, and the book follows his struggles at home and on the field. 5. Warcross by Marie Lu If you can’t get your kids to stop playing video games this summer, this is the book for them. Warcross is best for 7th and 8th graders or slightly more mature readers (there’s some violence). It follows a worldwide virtual video game competition and is full of twist and turns to keep your reader engaged. Looking for another way to keep your child engaged this summer? Try working with a tutor on an enrichment topic! Contact us for more information. ;

The Holocaust And The Nazi Regime During World War II Essay

Introduction The Second World War is seen by the modern world to be the most famous war that shaped the communities of the world today, but for the Jewish community in Europe at the time this was the war to fight for their own existence. The Holocaust was the systematic extinction of six million Jews by the Nazi regime during World War 2. Of the millions of Jewish people that lost their lives there were many that did resist and did escape the Nazism and Nazi racial policy that was conducted on the Jewish lives throughout the war. There were different ways the Jews did resist through different dimensions of wellbeing, through uprising in the ghettos and camps in a stretch to revolting against their German captivators whilst secretly keeping their spiritual and religious beliefs as something that the Nazis could never physically take from them. The Jews showed resistance to German control also by escaping the camps, and creating Armies and Partisan Groups to fight back. In the findings I was able to establish an understanding of the different ways during the war the Jews managed to create upheaval and resist German authority and the fact that a percentage were able to resist. Uprising in the Ghetto During World War II eastern Europe was vastly controlled and occupied by Nazi forces in the bid of control for the German army to win the war. In a bid to win the war, Germany captured and forced Jewish inhabitants in Eastern Europe at the time and sent away either toShow MoreRelatedThe Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis And The Holocaust?1719 Words   |  7 PagesGroups Showed the Most Effective Resistance Against Nazis and the Holocaust? Many events in the world have been documented in our history books, but sometimes forgotten. However, the reminisce of events that took place during the Holocaust are the ones that are never forgotten. Neither should the groups and countries that showed resistance towards Hitler. 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Using Bonds for long term obligations of debt securities - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5640 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Bond are long term, fixed obligation debt securities which affordable to sale to individuals and financial institutions. Bond is totally different from other debt, this is because bond is not sold directly to a single lender, and it will sell to the public. Organization that issues the bond is organization that needs fixed income for a certain period of time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using Bonds for long term obligations of debt securities" essay for you Create order During issuing the bond agreement are made in paying a fixed amount of interest periodically to the holder of record or repay a fixed amount of principal at the date of maturity. Intrinsic features such as coupon, par value, maturity, principal value, and the type of ownership are the features of the bond. Coupon bond mean interest income, coupon income, or nominal yield. This coupon of bond is an income that an investor of a bond received over holding period of the issues. Maturity mean number of bond matures or expires. Principal or par value, of an issue represents the original value of the obligation. Company can have many different bond issues outstanding at the same time. Bond can be different type of collateral such as either be senior, unsecured, or subordinate (junior) securities. Fact, of bond Bond When a company (or government) borrows money from the public or banks (bondholders) and agrees to pay it back later Par Value company borrows the amount of money usually PV is RM1000 Coupon Payments The organization makes regular payments to the bondholders, for example for every year or every 6 month (interest income) Indenture A written agreement between the company and the bond holder. Coupon payments will be stated, and the payment period ,money (par value) will be paid back to the bondholder. Maturity Date Date when the company pays the par value back to the bondholder Market Interest Rate Yield (it changes everyday) 1.1 Background of the Study The bond market in Malaysia has developed significantly in terms of market size, range of instruments and efficiency. The development of the bond market centre on the need to establish a well-diversified financial base to meet the changing needs of the Malaysian economy. This paper is focusing on AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039) BOND. However, in bond market growth the major role in developing efficient bond market in Malaysia is our own government. Malaysian bond market today also a fastest growing bond market in Asia. As at end-Dec 2009, the size of the bond market reached RM643.8 billion, approximately 90% of GDP.   The bond market has a balance mix of both public sector and private sector bonds each contributing 53% and 47% share of total bond outstanding respectively. Today, the corporate bond market makes up approximately a quarter of the total debt financing (including bank loans) to the economy compared with around 10% in 1997.  A wide variety of debt securities pro ducts are available in the Malaysian bond market, such as fixed coupon bearing bonds, floaters, asset-backed securities, convertible bonds, callable bonds, etc. Bond issuers include, among others, the Government of Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia, quasi government institutions, corporations as well as multilateral development banks (MDBs). To date, a total of seven issuances of MDB bonds, totaling RM3.7 billion have been issued in Malaysia. More importantly, Malaysia, among the key Islamic financial centre, offers a wide variety of Islamic bonds that are based on Shariah compliant concept. As at end-Dec 2009, Islamic bonds accounted for 38% of total bond outstanding. 1.2 Background of the company This study involving 2 organization that are:- AmBank Group AmBank Group is the sixth largest banking group in Malaysia and comprises AMMB Holdings Berhad and its subsidiaries AmInvestment Group Berhad, AmBank (M) Berhad, and AmAssurance Berhad the organization established in August 1975. These group provides a wide range of investment banking, commercial banking, retail financing and related financial services, which also include Islamic banking, underwriting of general and life insurance, stock, share and futures broking, investment advisory as well as asset, property and unit trust management. AmBank Groups core philosophy incorporates a deep-seated commitment to the satisfaction of its wide range of customers, with numerous customer-driven initiatives woven into all forms of communication and interaction with all customer groups. AMMB Snapshot Total Assets RM96.5 billion Shareholders Equity RM9.6 billion Profit after Tax and Minority Interests RM1,008.6 million Ear nings Per Share 34.7 sen basic 774 ATMs and 189 branch offices nationwide at present Staff strength of ~ 10,000 Unless otherwise stated, all figures are accurate as at 31 March 2010 (AMMB annual report). Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia (BPAM) BPAM, under the name Bondweb Malaysia Sdn Bhd, was incorporated on 27th September 2004 under the Malaysian Companies Act 1965. The organization registered as a bond pricing agency (BPA) by the Securities Commission on 28th April 2006 and has met and exceeded the requirements as outlined in the Guideline on the Registration of Bond Pricing Agencies. 18th April 2006 then, BPAM was officially appointed as First Malaysian Bond Pricing Agency. Bondweb Malaysia Sdn Bhd changed it name on 15th September 2008 to BPAM. The name change comes at a time when BPAM aims to consolidate its position as the pioneering bond pricing agency and further strengthen its position by focusing on its core business evaluated bond pricing With this status, BP AM is recognized as one of the official sources for evaluated prices on MYR bonds. 1.3 Problem Statement Bond is a fixed obligation debt securities, where the issuer need the fixed income for a certain period of time. In the case of Ambank bond, which is not frequently issue mean it not facing requirement of money problem on it area. In arising question on to what Ambank bond price affected, this study is to test the relationship between Dependent Variable (Bond price) and the Independent Variable (Trade amount, common stock price, coupon bond, and yield) of Ambank Bond in Malaysian market. It is to measure whether the variable follow the economic theory and significant to the study. 1.4 Objective of the Study General Objective: General objective of this study is to investigate the selected parameters and identify the major factors influencing the price of the Bond. Specific Objective To determine whether the common stock price, coupon bond, yield, and trading amount is statistically significantly with price of bond for Ambank and the relationship between it variable. To examine whether Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding). 1.5 Scope of Study This study is in the area of Malaysian bond market, where the data also gathered from Bursa Malaysia, Bond Pricing Agency Malaysia, Bank Negara Malaysia and Data stream which available at UiTM Arau Perlis. In running the data, daily basis is used for not more than 1 year. However journal from local and foreign country are used as a references. The duration that taken into consideration is from 11/2/2009 until 28/12/2010, and it is focusing on AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039). 1.6 Significant of the Study The significant of the study is measuring the bond price valuation for Ambank bond using the available data, where only few researcher have done the research. Now, Malaysia practically issuing Islamic Bond, and Conventional Bond. In this paper the measurement is only AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039), bond instrument. From the data that been collected, the result is then being analyzed. The findings of this study are supported by journal from past researcher who is local researcher or foreign researcher. The significances are about whether the Independent Variable affects the Dependent Variable. 1.7 Limitation of the Study Limitation on this paper is on availability to get the data, because of the instrument is only traded when the company need money, it not frequently issue by the issuer. The full data is only offer to the organization and not to the individuals user. The full data can be assess at bond stream where only by permission of BAPM. The data is exactly same like data stream, but it only provided by BAPM. Another limitation is on journal as a reference; because of only using specific Malaysian country the journal available may be limited. More over it also the study of the AMBANK bond . Bond that available in trading during that time is active bond rating of A2. The name of the stock is  AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039), this bond maturity date is more than 15 year. Bond also can be categorized as complex instrument yet to be study, it because it consist of several component that may gives varies result from the past researcher. Bursa Malaysia and Bond Hub provide some info of the bond , but it is not too detail, so this will be the limitation on the study. 2.0 Literature Review (Varma, 1996),study toward dynamic Indian interest rate, and the paper contain an applicable method for pricing interest rate options in India and valuing bonds with embedded interest rate options. The Black-Derman-Toy model (Black et al.,1994) give the most attractive tool for valuing interest rate option in India. (Varma, 1996), summarize that Indian interest rates show strong mean reversion. Interest rates do volatile more when they are high rather than when they are low. In fact, the dynamic of interest rates is proportional to the level of interest rates so that the proportionate changes in interest rates (known as volatility) are level independent. This type of model was initially proposed by Brennan and Schwartz (1979).The normal rate to which interest rates mean-revert is itself changing over time, and it too undergoes mean-reversion to a grand normal rate, this past researcher result is taken by (varma,1996). Bond prices, as we all know do not follow random walk at all. Random walk mean an investment theory which claims that market prices follow a random path up and down, without any influence by past price movement. As the bond approaches maturity, its price approaches the redemption value and all uncertainty rapidly disappears. Researchers around the world have faced a great deal on determining the dynamics of interest rates. However, a recent study (Tse, 1995) of eight different models in eleven countries found that no model was valid in all countries. Each of the three most popular models found applicability in some countries, but each was rejected in half the countries, so this mean that because of the variability of interest rate it also not applicable to a certain country. Then (Lochoff, 1993) classified in several different ways one of it, the price model are classified endogenously derived the term structure of interest rate. Hence these models are guaranteed to provide correct pricing of straight bonds. However this topic is aggressiv ely argues in Dattatreya and Fabozzi (1989). Based on it, ( Black et al,1994) create tool for pricing interest rate option in India. Black-Derman- Toy model to value bond, however the researcher study valuation of three bond and resulted to: Straight bond Rs 5300 (equal issue price) Advertise bond Rs 6300 (19% above issue price) Actual Bond Rs 5050 (20% below advertised bond and 5% below issue price) interest rate is independent of their level, valuing bond can be complex and need multiple embedded option for valuation and in bond can make big difference to their valuation some result of certain bond can be grossly misleading. Shamsher Mohamad, Taufiq Hassan, and Mohamad Ariff (2007) find 50 listed firms has issues corporate bond and having the highest ratio of corporate bond issued per dollar of GDP among all the emerging markets. Malaysia has 37.3%, even though it only issued only after year 1999( IMF working paper : 152, 2005). Topic discuss, is applyin g research could search for the price value of re-rating of companies, the spread between different ratings and also premium price for the rating can be different during to local and foreign rating agencies. Normaziah, et al (2006) examine the stock price and volume of trade cover the announce of private placement in the market. It was discuss under topic of Private Equity (Seasoned Equity) Announcements. To subject were examine over different economic condition starting from placement exercise, and of premium and discounted offer price. Result show Significant negative price reaction was observed when private placement proceeds are earmarked for working capital requirements. However, when the proceeds are earmarked for investment, the short-term reaction around the announcement day is negative but there is significant positive reaction in the post-announcement period. The average volume of trade increased significantly for the entire analysis period. Edith Hotchkiss, Gergana Jostova (2007),study topic on determinant of corporate bond trading have obtained significant positive related to bond trading for all bond and regressions. Hotchkiss and Ronen (2002) document the bond and stocks react simultaneously to firm specific information. They also state that calculating price impact toward liquidity measure remains problematic due to infrequent trading in corporate bond. Kamara(1994) has measure of immediacy risk which risk that relate to the price volatility of the bond and the time needed to execute a trade, and also is reduced with higher trading volume. Harris and Raviv (1993) theorized on trading volume is positive affected by return, cause support by Alexander, Edward and Ferri (2000) who find trading increase with bond return volatility. For Gallant, Rossi and Tauchen(1992) observe positive relation between market volatility and trading volume of NYSE- trade stock, while Chordia, Roll, and Subrahmanyam (2000) and Engle and Lange(1997) found opposi te result. On the other hand, Fleming and Remolona (1999) concluded that price reaction to public info do not have any relationship to a trading volume, but it been argue by Dungey, Frino and McKenzie. There are positive relationship between volume and prices changes, Kocagil and Shachmurove (1998). Norliza Ahmad, Joriah Muhammad, and Tajul Ariffin Masron(2009) examines the impact on four macroeconomic factors such as, KLCI, IPI,CPI and interest rate (IR) on bond yield spread of MGS and Corporate bond (CB). They also have generated : Yield spread i, t = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 +ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1 CPIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2 IRi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3 KLCIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²5 IPIi, t + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µi, t , for their study. Where it is a multiple regression analysis. The duration of this study is from January 2001 until December 2008. They found the result of findings support that CPI and IR are the major drivers that influence the changes in MGS yield spread, finding that can take into consideration is IR, CPI and IPI which have weak and no influence on MGS yield spreads, but have significant affect on yield spread of CB. From Hale (2003), bond market is able to provide fund to corporations at low cost compared to loan provides by bank. Ameer (2007) obtained result, that there were an extreme limited number of empirical evidence concerning relationship between macroeconomic variable and bond market in Asian economic. Chan, Ahmad and Wooldridge (2007), found the changes in microstructure of the Malaysian corporate bond market has led to significant improvement in liquidity. From Thau (2001) stated three type of yield in relating to invest in bond, where first, coupon yield is interest paid to bond holder as percentage of bond par values, second yield being measure by annual coupon income divide by bonds market price and lastly YTM provides measure of bond return by estimating the total amount of income for the whole duration of bond hold then bo nd been compared to the prices. Faerber (2000) stated that the inverse relationship between market rates of interest rate and bond prices in which the increase in interest rate will cause in the decrease of bond prices. Also, when decrease in bond prices will translate into wide of the yield spread and vice versa. Bonds with shorter maturity period are less sensitive to fluctuations (Bodie et al., 2008). In supporting how coupon bond will affect the price of bond, we need to understand the time value of money, using present value formula we calculated the discounting future cash flow. It is based on the assumption that each payment is re-invested at some interest rate, and when it received known as future value. BOND PRICE = C + C + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. C + M (1+i) (1+i)2 (1+i)n (1+i)n C = coupon payment n = number of payment i = interest rate / required yield M = value at maturity or par value Or C x 1 1 BOND PRICE = (1 + i)n + M : i (1+i)n This formula gathered from book : Analysis of Investment and Management of port folios(chapter 18: The Analysis and the Valuation of bond). 3.0 Research Methodology Using BPAM data and daily data gathered, from date 11/2/2009 until 28/12/2010, and as commonly know bond is not same like common stock, this is because it only be issues by organization in certain period of time. However in this study, analyzing is on the bond price changes daily due the population of bondholder seems to grows from time to time which clearly show in the changes of the amount trading and rise on the price. The method is using secondary data, where it from government publication, the financial institution and website related. But some data is manually gathered at Uitm Perlis using data stream. 3.1 Data Collection Data are obtained from: Data stream which available at Uitm Perlis. (Price of common stock daily for Ambank) Bond pricing agency Malaysia, the daily trade list in secondary priority and active bond ( Internet Sources). Bank Negara Malaysia website. Website for certain journal and article as a reference. 3.2 Data Analysis and Findings 3.2.1 Multiple Regression Analysis This study is using multiple regression analysis, which mean more than one independent variables are used. The statistical test provided in regressing the data is coefficient value, R-squared, F-statistic, T-statistic and few other important statistics. Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) is conducted to get the result. The simple regression is as follow: Y = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1X1 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2X2 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3X3 +ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦.ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²nXn + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ Where, Where ; Y = Dependent variable X1,X2,X3ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦Xn = Independent variables ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 = Intercept term or constant value ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ² = Coefficient for the independent variables ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ = Error term 3.2.2 Regression Equation Regression equation shows that the relationship between independent variable and dependent variable. Two relationship may exist between them either positive relationship or negative relationship. Positive relationship indicates that an increase in independent variable, dependent variable will also increase. Whereas negative relationship indicates that an increase in independent variable, dependent variable will decrease. 3.2.3 Coefficient of Determination (R-Squared) R- squared is used to measure how well the overall equation explains changes in the dependent variables or know as goodness of fit. R ² = Total explained variation Total variation 3.2.4 T-statistic The T-statistic is used in the t-test to determine if there is a significant relationship between the independent and each independent variable. To carry out this Test, Standard error of coefficient (s) is needed to calculate the t-value. t- value = b S.e (b2) t- critical = t a /2, n-k-1 The critical value from t-distribution table with degree of freedom at 95% confidence interval will be used. Degree of freedom = n k 1 Hypothesis will be tested either to accept Null hypothesis or Alternate hypothesis. Accept Ho when observed T-statistic Critical T-Statistic Accept H1 when observed T-statistic Critical T-statistic The critical value for sampling at a = 0.05 with level of significant two tailed test. 3.2.5 F-Statistic F-statistic provides an overall appraisal of the regression equation to evaluate the significant of each individual component to the entire regression model. F = explain variation / ( k 1) Unexplained variation ( n k) Accept Ho when Observed F-statistic critical F-statistic Accept H1 when Observed F-statistic critical F-statistic 3.3 Theoretical Framework Common Stock Price Coupon Bond Price of bond Yield ( market rate of interest) Volume Traded Independent variable dependent variable 3.4 Hypothesis The purpose of hypothesis testing is to determine which of the hypothesis is acceptable. Ho : assigned the null hypothesis H1 : represented the alternate hypothesis 1. H0= CSP is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = CSP is statistically significant to bond price 2. H0= CB is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = CB is statistically significant to bond price 3. H0= INT is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = INT is statistically significant to bond price 4. H0= TA is not statistically significant to bond price H1 = TA is statistically significant to bond price 4.0 Data Analysis and Findings The data has been analyzed using Statistical Package for social science (SPSS) Software. In the data and finding the data is a) Measure the overall goodness of fit of the regression model by the coefficient of determination, R ². b) Examine the possible relationship between each independent variable on dependent variable using coefficient relationship. c) Using t-statistic to examine the significant relationship of each independent variable toward dependent variable. d) To examine the combination of independent variable that can be used as predictors to the dependent variables using F- Statistics 4.1 Regression Equation Regression linear function derived as : General function : f (CSP, CB, INT, TA) Multiple Regression Equation : Y = ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²1CSP + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²2CB + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²3INT + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²4TA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ BP = -4.476 + 0.866 CPS 0.509CB + 14.064 INT + 0.285 TA + ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ µ ÃÆ'Ã… ½Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ²0 = constant value BP = Bond price CSP = Common Stock Price CB = Coupon Bond INT = Market Interest Rate (Yield) TA = Trading Amount 4.2 Research Analysis Table below show the result of regression output as stated VARIABLE CONSTANT CSP CB INT TA Beta -4.476 0.866 -0.509 14.064 0.285 t statistic -4.271 4.339 -2.293 51.388 4.742 TABLE 1 R2 = 0.98903 Adjusted R2 = 0.98890 F-statistic = 7799.50 The coefficient determination or R2 in Bond Price is 98.903%, more than 98.903% can be explained by common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate and trading amount. Another 1.097% is unexplained. The adjusted R2 show 98.890% it mean more than 98.890% can be explained by common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate and trading amount. Where another 1.11% is unexplained. Adjusted R2 is 98.890 % which is lower than R2. This is because if we add another variable (1- R2) will decrease and (n-k) will also decrease. The rises or fall of adjusted R2 and R2 is depend on the contribution of new variable to the fit of the regression more than offset the loss of degree of freedom. The coefficient of determination fit the model well, because the value more than 50%. Beta analysis (coefficient) is to examine the possible relationship between each independent on the dependent variable. From the result obtained, increase of 1 unit in common stock price will increase 0.866 units in bond price. This mean that this two variables also have positive relationship and it show the economic theory are not followed from past researcher result would be inversely relation ship but in this study, due to limitation of data the result might be affected using SPSS. This is because, when the price of bond increase, common stock price will decrease in order to make the investment equally attractive. In addition, during this time, Malaysian Bond Market is still recovering from the economic crisis that is on 2008. The economic crisis at the previous year are giving huge impact on the Malaysian economic, however most of investment instrument is having increasing in it own market. From the result obtained, it shows that increase by 1 unit of coupon bond, bond price will decrease 0.509 units . Mean that the two variables have negative relationship and it is consistent with the economic theory. This is because, only active bond are been consider and bond is daily traded and have maturity, it only being issue when organization need money, bond also long term debt and the bond rating constantly A2. The result from this finding is also because bond price is not following random walk theory, in the agreement bond holder will be paid constantly until maturity date. Instead using CB, YTM can also be used, and maybe the result can also be a positive relationship. From the result obtained, increase of 1 unit in yield will increase 14.064units in bond price. This mean that these two variables have positive relationship and it not follow the economic theory. Suppose high interest rate will give low value of bond, and low interest will give high value of bond or vice versa. However, bond is complex instrument, the relationship can also be explained by maybe there were modified d uration and cause convexity effect. Convexity is curvilinear relationship so this is maybe the reason it is not follow the economic theory. For trading amount, clearly picture that increase by 1 units of amount trade will increase 0.285 units of bond price for Ambank. This shows that, it has positive relationship and follows the economic theory. From the literature review there is some evidence that trading amount affect the bond price and till now it still being argued that whether trading amount have no relationship with bond price or connected to the bond price or also knows as price volatility. 4.3 T-statistic To examine the significant relationship of each independent variable toward dependent variable. From the t-distribution table, the book t-value is 1.960 at 95% confidence interval level. VARIABLE T-STATISTIC FINDINGS CSP 4.3391.960 Statistically significant CB -2.2931.960 Statistically significant INT 51.3881.960 Statistically significant TA 4.7421.960 Statistically significant TABLE 2 4.3.1 T-statistic for common stock price (CSP) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (4.339 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 1. H0= CSP is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. H1 = CSP is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. Discussion : accept H1 CSP is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. This result can be supported by Normaziah, et al (2006) examine the stock price and volume of trade cover the announce of private placement in the market. It was discuss under topic of Private Equity (Seasoned Equity) Announcements. To subject were examine over different economic condition starting from placement exercise, and of premium and discounted offer price. Result show significant negative price reaction was observed when private placement proceeds are earmarked for working capital requirements. TREND FOR AMBANK COMMON STOCK PRICE AND BOND PRICE IN THE STU DY TIME PERIOD BOND PRICE GRAPH 4.3.1 From the graph above, the result is significant to the study. As we can see when the price of common stocks is higher the price of bond will be lower. This can clearly picture from the price trend above, it is the nature of bond price and common stock price to affect each other and the reason is to make both of them equally attractive. 4.3.2 T-statistic for coupon bond (CB) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (2.293 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 2. H0= CB is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = CB is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 CB is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. This can be proved by formula in calculating the bond price using present value (PV). BOND PRICE = C + C + ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦ÃƒÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¦. C + M (1+i) (1+i)2 (1+i)n (1+i)n C x 1 1 BOND PRICE = (1 + i)n + M i (1+i)n where, C = coupon payment n = number of payment i = interest rate / required yield M = value at maturity or par value Or TREND FOR AMBANK COUPON BOND AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD AMBANK BOND GRAPH 4.3.2 From the above graph, the result from the regression using SPSS is si gnificant to the study. However because of the data using fixed coupon bond the result may varies from other previous researcher who is maybe using zero-coupon or other coupon bond that available. In supporting the result, what we need to be consider is in calculation of Bond Price using present value formula. 4.3.3 T-statistic for market interest (yield/INT) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (51.388 1.960) at 95% confidence interval. 3. H0= INT is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = INT is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 INT is statistically significant and affect the bond price in Malaysian bond market. It can be support by Faerber (2000) stated that the inverse relationship between market rates of interest rate and bond prices in which the increase in interest rate will cause in the decrease of bond prices. TREND FOR AMBANK INTEREST AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD GRAPH 4.3.3 From the above graph, the result from regression is not consistent with economic theory, however from the data gathered and graph show that is when price of bond increase, the interest rate will decrease same as nature of coupon bond. From the graph this mean it affect the bond price and support by most researcher result. 4.3.4 T-statistic for trading amount (TA) From the above table, the calculated t-value is higher than the book t-value (4.7421.960) at 95% confidence interval. 4. H0= TA is not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market H1 = TA is statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market Discussion : accept H1 TA is statistically significant and affects the bond price in Malaysian bond market. Support by Dungey, Frino and McKenzie(n.d). There are positive relationships between volume and prices changes. TREND FOR AMBANK VOLUME TRADING AND BOND PRICE IN THE STUDY TIME PERIOD VOLUME GRAPH 4.3.4 From the above graph, we can clearly see that bond price is increasing, and the trading amount is not frequently trade by the issuer. This is one of the reason why some past researcher state trading amount is not giving any impact or affect the bond price, but some says otherwise. 4.4 F-statistics Book F- value : Fa (k 1, n k) : F 0.05 (5-1, 351-5) : F 0.05 (4,346) : 2.46 Computed F-value is greater than book F-value (7799.504 2.46), mean that all the independent variable (CSP, CB, INT and TA) are statistically significant. H0= All the independent variable are not statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. H1 = All the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysian market. From the result, the result would be accept H1 and reject H0 since it significant for the overall model. All the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysia. Second objective of this study is achieved where Ambank bond is one of the bond that contributed to the rapid growing of Bond Market in Malaysia. TREND FOR AMBANK 8.250% (30.09.2039) BOND PRICE (STUDY PERIOD) GRAPH 4.4 From the graph above, it show that the Ambank Bond price is increasing so this can relate to second objectiv e, where Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding). From the graph it also strongly agrees to F-statistic result that all the independent variable are statistically significant to affect Ambank bond price in Malaysia. 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation 5.1 Conclusion In conclusion, this paper can be summarized as, the research examines the relationship of some bond variable features that may affect the bond price in Malaysian market from time period not more than one year, this study is using daily data from 11/02/2009 to 28/12/2010. Bond in Malaysia is now rapidly in growing to be efficient market so it is an interesting topic need to be study. In conducting this study, Statistical Package for social science (SPSS) Software is used. Using independent variable such as common stock price, coupon bond, interest rate (yield) and amount of trading to measure the relationship where price of bond will affect by the variable. On conducting this data, the Multiple Regression Analysis technique was applied to examine the relationship between the dependent and independent variable. In measuring the relationship, statistic analysis is generated using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). It been measure in term of Coefficient of Determinati on ( R2 ) , T-test (T-statistic), and F-test ( F-statistic). Based on Multiple Regression Analysis result, there is positive relationship between common stock price to the bond price of Ambank bond. However it not follows the economic theory, because many researcher and price theory stated it should be inversely relation, where stock price increase bond price will decrease, or vice versa. This result also hard to argue because of little number of researches done in Malaysia or Foreign. There also a positive relationship, between coupon bond and price of the bond, this can clearly support by present value formula. Coupon bond always connected to it maturity period. Coupon bond in this study is fixed, so the result may varies from other researcher. However it as discuss before coupon bond will reduce the bond price until it reach maturity. However, on finding toward interest rate, it is still positive relationship, but the result is not following the economic theory, suppose increase in interest will lower the value of the bond price, and vice versa. This result can be support by researcher as stated in literature review. Trading amount has positive relationship based on the finding, but result may varies from regression analysis. In this finding, we can see that it follow economic theory, where increase in amount trade also can increase the price of bond. The Coefficient of Determination ( R2 ) show from the findings is more than 50%, so the variable fit the model well. Lastly, the F-statistic result or also known as overall test for all dependent is statistically significant. Second objective that is to examine whether Ambank bond is rapidly growing in the Malaysian bond market and is it one of the bond which contributed to the growing market as stated by BPAM (Malaysian bond market is expanding) is proved, from the regression analysis of overall test is significant and the bond price trend can show the increasing price for Ambank bond. Mean it contributed to the expanding Malaysian bond market. 5.2 Recommendation Some recommendation can be made from this study: It is suggested that a longer time frame should be based for this study because bond is not frequently issued and if there a longer time frame it can may give the best result for the findings. The next research can take other economic variable as a measurement, because today Malaysian also issues Islamic and Conventional bond. These type of bond may have difference variable that can be taken into consideration. It is suggested, to do more research on bond, because there only few research that have done from previous period. So in the future it can be interesting subject to study and it also can be as future references. It is suggested that availability of the bond stream in the institution, so that the research will be more accurate in the future and finding will also significant to be study. This is because the data is only offer to the institution where it is same as the data stream provided.

Euthanasi An Alternative Mode Of Life Care - 1769 Words

End of life care is a prevailing issue in the United States that affects the terminally ill. It includes physician-assisted suicide, which is legal in five states and the practice of euthanasia which is illegal. (Barone, 2014). Delving deeper into the issue of end of life care reveals that this issue affects far more than the patient that is suffering. It raises the question of whether or not it is acceptable to reject the request of a person based solely on the socio-religious values of protecting life and ignoring the moral responsibility of ending the misery of another person even when they explicitly ask to end their suffering. Terminally ill, elderly, or disabled patients that are aware of the physical and mental deterioration caused†¦show more content†¦Patients, families, and physicians that oppose physician-assisted suicide, can seek alternative modes of end of life care, such as palliative care which intends to control suffering and not hasten the death of the patie nt. Physician-assisted suicide and its alternatives are options for competent patients to hasten death; however, what are the moral and ethical implications of such practices? Many people, young and old who are terminally ill or are facing a debilitating disease continually look for a way to ameliorate their pain and suffering. When the options for cure or successful recovery are bleak, the patient may ask for physician-assisted suicide. It is a procedure done with the consent of the patient and the patient administers the lethal dose. Physician-assisted suicide was first legalized in Oregon and four other states followed suit in 2008, legalizing physician-assisted suicide either through legislation or case ruling: Vermont, Washington, New Mexico, and Montana (Gonchar, 2014). Physicians in these five states are protected under the law, allowing them to write prescriptions for lethal medication if a terminally ill patient makes a request. The prescription drug administered by doctors to patients used to be pentobarbital, but is now out of production and instead doctors give secobarbital; the drug consists of a lethal dose of barbiturates, which ultimately l ead to the cessation of brain and nervous system activity (Barone, 2014). A common misconception