Attachment Theories in Social Work Practice

Attachment Theories in Social Work Practice Demonstrating knowledge of relevant Theoretical frameworks (John Bowlby, Mary Ainsworth and Vera Fahlberg), discuss the challenges faced by social care workers in promoting attachment with clients in their agencies. Essay should include practice examples to support your argument. Introduction It is the purpose of this essay to discuss the challenges faced by social care workers in promoting attachment with clients in their agencies. This essay will be broken down into three main sections. Firstly, in understanding the basics of attachment theory as a broad outline to the essay, secondly a consideration of attachment theory in particular in relation to the challenges of social work, and thirdly a more specific consideration of attachment in relation to working as a secure unit for boys aged between 12-16, which is the specific situation faced by the author. Although the essay will be broken down into these three key areas, it is to be expected that there will be a certain amount of overlap between these three areas, and in particular than an understanding of the issues face by social care workers will also be present in the first section as well as the latter two sections. Understanding Attachment Theory Attachment theory, in as far as we understand it here has developed largely from the work of Bowlby and subsequently Ainsworth. Green (2003, p13) notes that ‘The attachment framework has for some time now been very influential and relevant to clinicians. As a theory it has offered a systematic way of understanding and measuring a primary, innate need. It lays emphasis on observable interactions that characterise the qualitative aspects of the inter-relationship between two people’. Not only is it relevant to clinicians but also to those working on the field of social care and welfare, as it seeks to both define and to explain the relationship between a care worker and those in care, providing a framework of action and expectation of the eventual result of the transaction of care. Holmes (1993, p.67) states that ‘attachment theory is in essence a spatial theory: when I am close to my loved one I feel good, when I am far away I am anxious, sad or lonely’. Many of the problems that are dealt with via the means of social care can be often as a result of a lack of this attachment, a disattachment as it were of the individual from the spatial relationship (often, but not necessarily the mother) that has promoted this sense of well-being and comfort. As Simpson and Rholes (1998, p.6) indicate, ‘attachment theory robustly demonstrates, as Steele argues, the need for a secure base. It posits our drive for a warm, safe relationship as a fundamental motivator. Well-being, in the first instance, depends on the maintenance of a secure bond.’ Therefore, attachment behaviour which demonstrates the lack of this bond, such as that potentially demonstrated by young offenders, shows evidence of either the weakness of lack of this bond, and should be re ctified. An important part of this from the social care workers perspective is an awareness of the family unit of the individual within their care. This is particular the case in our current study of adolescents aged between 12-16, recognising that, as do Simpson Rholes (1998, p.101) that ‘from an attachment point of view the discovery that the children who were classified as securely attached to their mothers with psychiatric symptoms more often developed later problems than did the children who were insecurely attached to symptomatic mothers’. Working with an understanding of the wider family situation therefore is of vital importance in recognising, diagnosing and treating those with such problems. Attachment Theory and Social Work Challenges There are, of course, particular challenges brought about by attachment theory in a social work setting. These raise questions that need to be answered by a social care worker in the context of their clients. There is this sense, already mentioned in the previous section, of the history of the client. This is not just to be dealt with by the social care worker, but will often involve a dialogue between the care worker in the client, for as Fahlberg (1991, p.6) notes, ‘it is difficult to grow up as a psychologically healthy adult if one is denied access to one’s own history.’ One particular challenge in promoting attachment in terms of social work is that the client’s social worker will not practically be available in a twenty four hour way in the same that perhaps the person’s primary caregiver has been in the past (although this may not have been the case at all). If the client has a number of different social care workers, this may make it very difficult to promote attachment if the care worker is intended to be viewed as a primary (or only) caregiver. Atwool (1997) notes that ‘consistency in the response of the caregiver is an important factor in building secure attachments. Where the environment is chaotic and the primary caregiver is not available to the child secure attachment will not be possible.’ It is important therefore in such situations and in the context of attachment theory, that as much consideration is given to the availability of the caregiver as possible, and also that there should be a high level of consiste ncy in the behaviour and action of this caregiver, if powerful and successful attachments are to be made. There may indeed be cases where a social care worker is, for many reasons, potentially the first secure attachment that an individual has had. This may particularly be the case in terms of adolescents who have had a difficult life thus far. Goldberg, et al. (1993, p.45) note how Ainsworth altered our understanding of this issue, in that ‘Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secure base from which an infant can explore the world’. Social care work therefore, is a challenge, but can itself if successful provide this secure base from which clients can explore the world anew and afresh. Attachment Theory in a Secure Unit This third section will focus more specifically on the social work challenges involved in promoting attachment in a secure unit for boys between the ages of 12-16 who are serving sentences of anywhere between one month and four years in detention. Cassidy and Shaver (1999, p.368) note that ‘adolescent boys from father-absent homes tend to show, relative to father-present adolescents, more antagonistic attitudes toward femininity and toward women, exaggerated masculinity, and a relatively exploitative attitude toward females, with sexual contact appearing important as conquest and as a means of validating masculinity (Draper and Belsky, 1990)†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This will not be the case for all such young boys, but for almost all of them there will have been a sense of disattachment, and quite likely a failure in ability to form a narrative competence. This narrative competence, as described by Holmes (1993, p.9) states that ‘securely attached children tell coherent stories a bout their lives, however difficult they have been, while insecurely attached children have much greater difficulty in narrative competence, either dismissing their past or remaining bogged down in it, and in neither case being able to talk objectively about it.’ Part of the role therefore of social care work in this context is to begin the process of developing this narrative competence while enabling attachment to gradually take place at a much stronger level than it has done before. We now understand that attachment is so much more than just between two people, but that people develop multiple attachments. In the context of the secure unit therefore, it is important to develop the attachments not only between the adolescent and the social care worker, but also to do as much possible to promote the attachments within the family unit. Clearly depending on the history and nature of the family, this may not be practical, but where it can be done, it should be attempted, and can be a major key in breaking the cycle of criminal activity. Holmes (1993, p.66) states that ‘secure attachment provides an external ring of psychological protection which maintains the child’s metabolism in a stable state, similar to the internal physiologic al homeostatic mechanisms of blood-pressure and temperature control’. For those 12-16 yr old boys, they are at the cusp of their childhood attachments and towards making attachments as adults, and they should be taught and shown by modelling behaviour how to achieve these secure attachments and to improve their lives. Providing the correct environment is vital, as detention can be seen as a fearful place for young minds. Ainsworth, et al. (1978, p.20) state ‘how crucial it is in a potentially fear-arousing situation to be with a trusted companion, for with such a companion fear of all kinds of situation diminishes, whereas when alone fear is magnified. Attachment figures are ones most trusted companions’. Conclusion We have considered therefore, a basic understanding of attachment theory, as well as applying it in a wider sense to social care work. We have also considered some specific challenges of application of attachment theory in the case of a secure unit of young offenders. Attachment theory has much to offer social care work, but there are also challenges in promoting attachment in a social care setting. BIBLIOGRAPHY Ainsworth, M.D.S., Blehar, M.C., Waters, E. Wall, S., 1978, Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Atwool, N, 2003. Attachment as a Context for Development: Challenges and Issues Available at: http://www.thelizlibrary.org/liz/attachment.html [Accessed 25th October 2008]. Cassidy, J. Shaver, P.R., 1999, Handbook of Attachment: Theory, Research, and Clinical Applications. New York: Guilford Fahlberg, V.I., 1991, A Childs Journey Through Placement. Indianapolis: Perspective Press Green, V., 2003, Emotional Development in Psychoanalysis, Attachment Theory and Neuroscience: Creating Connections. New York: Brunner-Routledge Goldberg, S. Muir, R. Kerr, J., 1993, Attachment Theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical Perspectives. New York: Routledge Holmes, J., 1993, John Bowlby and Attachment Theory. London: Routledge Howe, D., 1995, Attachment Theory in Social Work Practice. London: Palgrave Macmillan Simpson, J.A. Rholes, W.S., 1998, Attachment Theory and Close Relationships. New York: Guilford

Thomson vs. Marquis: Abortion

Thomson vs. Marquis Blake Place Philosophy 160 Monday Wednesday 10:40AM – 12:05PMIn submitting this assignment with this cover page, I am hereby stating that: (1) I have voluntarily read, understand, and agree to uphold and abide by the syllabus plagiarism policy for this class; (2) I have neither plagiarized any other author’s written material or unwritten ideas or enabled (intentionally or unwittingly) other students to plagiarize any part of this assignment; (3) I have neither shown or even discussed my assignment with any other student; and (4) I voluntarily accept the consequences stipulated in the syllabus plagiarism policy for this class should my statements in (1), (2), or (3) above prove false.The question between whether abortion is morally right or wrong has been talked about for years and no common ground has been made. Judith Thomson, a believer in Pro-choice, argues that abortion is not wrong because the mother should have a choice of what happens to her b ody. In response to this, Donald Marquis who is against abortion believes every fetus is a human with a right to have a future like ours. Each Ethicist gives examples and theories as to why abortion is wrong or right. In this essay, I will attempt to show that abortion is okay in some cases, and Donald Marquis’s views and arguments are broad and incorrect.Abortion has always struck an uncommon ground between people, especially when rape or contraceptive failure is the reason for the abortion. Judith Thompson starts by explaining the Violinist argument. The argument is something like this; you wake up in the morning and you find yourself back to back with an unconscious, world famous violinist. The Violinist, come to find out, has a rare kidney disease that can be fatal if he doesn’t have a donor with the same blood type. The Society of Music Lovers looked everywhere for someone with the same blood type, and found that you were the only compatible donor in the world.So without your permission, they took you in your sleep and hooked you up to the violinist blood stream. The director of the hospital tells you that he is so sorry that the Society of Music Lovers did this to you, and they wouldn’t have let it happen if he knew what was going on. But unfortunately it happened, and to disconnect you before the nine month treatment would kill the violinist. After the nine months, you can be safely disconnected from the Violinist and move on with your life. 1. The violinist and the fetus (which is a result from rape) are both living and dependent on another person for survival 2.The violinist possesses the trait of being attached to a person against their will leaving that person the choice to remain connected to the violinist. ________________________________________________________________________ 3. [Likely] The fetus also possesses the trait of being attached to a person against their will leaving that person the choice to remain connected to t he fetus. Therefore, the violinist and fetus have no right to stay connected to another person’s body without their consent furthering the argument that abortion is allowed in the case of rape.Thomson also gives an argument in the case that you have consensual sex and the contraceptive that you use fails. Suppose that people seeds floated around the air like little pollen and can attach themselves to the carpet inside your house. You decide that you do not want children, so you put a fine mesh screen in front of your windows so you can leave them open without one of the seeds attaching themselves to your carpet. On occasion, the mesh screens can have a default, and in your case, the mesh screen failed and a seed attached to your carpet.Thomson does acknowledge that you intentionally opened your windows and knew that there could be risk of one of the seeds getting into your home. 1. The peopleseed and the fetus (which is a result from failed contraceptive) are both living and dependent on another person for their survival. 2. The peopleseed possesses the trait of being attached to a person against their will leaving that person the choice to remain connected to the peopleseed. _____________________________________________________________________ 3. Likely] The fetus possesses the trait of being attached to a person against their will leaving that person the choice to remain connected to the fetus. Thomson concludes that even though peopleseed needed your help to survive, that you are not unjust or morally wrong when it comes to aborting a fetus. Don Marquis, on the other hand, believes that abortion is wrong. He first starts by stating, that in the thought of abortion being wrong, some cases like rape or contraceptive failure, abortion during the first fourteen days is an exception to his theory.Marquis takes a stand on the fact that every fetus, regardless of age, sex, ethnicity, etc. has the right to life. Unlike Thomson, he believes that the right for women to decide what happens to her body does not give her the right to kill a human. Marquis has an argument in which he believes proves that abortion is wrong by using what he calls the F. L. O. Principle. 1. Killing any human removes that human’s potential future like ours or F. L. O. 2. Abortion by definition of terms is the killing of a human fetus which removes the F. L. O. from that fetus _____________________________________________________________________ 3.Therefore, abortion is wrong Marquis comes up with four different arguments that help support the F. L. O. theory by showing that it not only does it apply to abortion but other cases as well. The first is the considered judgments theory which explains that fact of killing someone has to do with death by nature is a calamity. For example someone with cancer might say that the loss of FLO is what makes his early death such a sad event. The second is the worst of crimes argument, when someone is murdered it gets ri d of their FLO immediately, rather than when someone is beat or robbed.The third argument is the appeal to cases argument. Someone who is permanently unconscious has no FLO and it is not wrong to end the life of someone in this state, but you wouldn’t end the life of someone who was temporarily unconscious. The last is the analogy with animals argument which is simple, it states that is should be easy to see abortion is wrong because you wouldn’t cause pain or suffering to non-human animals. In Thomson’s two arguments about rape and failure of contraceptive she has some points that are in fact true and not much can be questioned.In her first argument about rape, it makes sense to say that if someone were to use your body against your will and you have no say about it and be and you are forced to be stuck without a choice to get up and disconnect yourself even if it does kill the famous violinist is wrong. But when you deprive someone of their life it can’ t be seen to be correct in any case. Thomson’s first premise is in fact true and gives her argument against rape logical strength. Both the violinist and the fetus are using the person’s body without consent or approval and this use of body was forced on the person.The second premise in this rape argument also can be looked at and seen to be true. Any violinist no matter how famous can’t just expect to have someone let them use their body as they please. The violinist does possess the trait that if the person was disconnected from him then the violinist would die but that is not the person who is hooked to the violinist’s fault. They never did agree to help or even be a part of what now is a situation in which they must stay to keep a complete stranger alive. Thomson’s second premise is true which is what makes this argument a logical strength.Also since both of the premises are true and logically correct, we are able to see the conclusion Thomson comes up with in the rape and contraceptive argument are both logically correct. In my opinion Thomson isn’t trying to say that abortion should be used as birth control, absolutely not, but she is just trying to get across that in certain cases it is completely okay and women have a right to decide whether or not they want to use their body for a fetus just like anyone would have a right to decide whether or not they wanted to help a stranger with a medical condition that involved being attached for a long period of time like pregnancy.In Marquis’s arguments the premises he provides tend to be a little broad and very questionable. His first premise about killing any human removes them of their FLO, too many can be extremely questionable. What if that human is still a fetus and is diagnosed with severe disease that removes them a normal human’s FLO? You knew this fetus would be born and would live in a world where they couldn’t even tell you the difference in direction (right or left). One could say that this isn’t a â€Å"future like ours† anymore at this point this future would be very limited and not nearly like a future that someone without this sort of handicap would have.With being able to find a way around Marquis’s argument it really shows the logical weakness in the argument. The FLO principle although backed by 4 different arguments is still very broad and has many different ways around it. You can see that Marquis backs his arguments not only with the FLO principles but the four arguments stated earlier in the paper. Marquis’s conclusion does not follow as a completely logical consequence of his two premises. Thomson’s argument is more logical then Marquis’s argument for a few reasons.The main reason is that Thomson’s premises in both arguments (rape and contraceptive failure) provide valid evidence which allow us to see that the conclusion she gets from these is logically c orrect. Marquis’s FLO principle is a strong argument but at times raises questions in his premises that don’t allow me to be completely satisfied or make it logically correct. In this paper I attempted to show that Thomson’s argument on abortion being okay in some cases is logically stronger than Marquis’s Pro-Life argument on abortion.

Sexual Victimization Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone

Sexual Victimization Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone Crime is the consequence of ones behavior, and I don't feel that behavior is genetic. Victimization declines rapidly after age twenty-five. You also might want to consult a registered dietitian, who can assist you in making changes in your daily diet. Before changing your diet plan, it's recommended to maintain a journal noting which foods appear to cause distress. Moreover, the victim's behavior and lifestyle have very little influence on the criminal act. The majority of people have written an essay. After all the preliminary work you would want to consider your essay organization. Generally, all you have to do is to state the topic and you'll get a whole essay sample to carry on working by yourself. The typical research essay topics may appear simple, but they're deceivingly challenging to do well. Edusson essay writing service is perfect for students who need to get a custom-made essay sample and for people who don't have sufficient time to write it independently. Before writing your essay, you may want to carry out some great preliminary work. So you should have a thesis before you are able to write your topic sentences. Students require the essay topic generator like they want food. The Foolproof Sexual Victimization Essay Topics Strategy Presenting of the opposition arguments would help to convince the readers that you've got a versatile comprehension of the subject and that you're not below the effects of any bias. Now you've got an endless supply of fresh and new ideas! After you choose a topic, you should reply to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. You don't need to complete all your research, but you ought to have some familiarity of the info out there about your topic. You may mix and match the offered titles to make something unique, yet still not need to be concerned about whether you've managed to adhere to the rules. Now it doesn't need to be like that. A Secret Weapon for Sexual Victimization Essay Topics When you use a topic generator, you feel you're likely to have a topic that is grammatically correct which usually means you truly don't concentrate on whether that's true or not. No matter if you're trying to find essay topic generator or simply want professional assist with your college or university essay, we are pleased to supply you with a help hand! An essay generator is an alternative for those students that have problems to seek out something to chat about on their essays, they don't have the creativity neither the patient to select a topic type instead of even a subject location. A random topic generator is a really easy, simple to use, and it is a speedy method to acquire a random topic at the moment and right here. It's needless to say that you should choose a subject that you regard as interesting. No matter the topic might be, all you have to do is to enter the topic and you'll immediately observe an essay on your computer screen. Finding the most suitable topic is both important and hard at precisely the same moment. For instance, you can select a topic for elementary, middle, or higher school. Victims do not encourage crime, they're in the incorrect place at the incorrect time (98). If crime is determined then it can't be genetic. Greater crime is brought on by a number of factors, mostly lack of parental guidance and absence of adequate punishment in the courts. The experience of victimization is something which too many women are conversant with. It is crucial to realize that sex offenders can be exceedingly different from one another. The period sex offender applies to folks who have shown many diverse kinds of behavior. Knowing the sex offender is crucial to developing rehabilitation programs.

Marsupials - Marsupialia - The Animal Encyclopedia

Marsupials (Marsupialia) are a group of mammals that like most other groups of mammals bear live young when the embryos are in an early stage of development. In some species such as the bandicoot, the gestation period is as short as 12 days. The young crawl up the mothers body and into the her marsupium—a pouch located on the mothers abdomen. Once inside the marsupium, the baby attaches to a nipple and nurses on milk until it is large enough to leave the pouch and better fend for itself in the outside world. Larger marsupials tend to give birth to a single offspring at a time, while smaller sized marsupials give birth to larger litters. Marsupials were common in many areas of North America during the Mesozoic and outnumbered placental mammals. Today, the only living marsupial in North America is the opossum. Marsupials first appear in the fossil record from South America during the Late Paleocene. They later appear in the fossil record from Australia during the Oligocene, where they underwent diversification during the Early Miocene. It was during the Pliocene that the first of the larger marsupials appeared. Today, marsupials remain one of the dominant land mammals in South America and Australia. In Australia, a lack of competition has meant that marsupials were able to diversify and specialize. Today there are insectivorous marsupials, carnivorous marsupials, and herbivorous marsupials in Australia. Most South American marsupials are small and arboreal animals. The reproductive tract of female marsupials differs from placental mammals. In female marsupials there are two vaginas and two uteruses whereas placental mammals have a single uterus and vagina. Male marsupials also differ from their placental mammal counterparts. They have forked penis. The brains of marsupial are also unique, it is smaller than that of placental mammals and lacks a corpus callosum, the nerve tract that connects the two cerebral hemispheres. Marsupials are quite varied in their appearance. Many species have long back legs and feet and an elongated face. The smallest marsupial is the long-tailed planigale and the largest is the red kangaroo. There are 292 species of marsupials alive today. Classification Marsupials are classified within the following taxonomic hierarchy: Animals Chordates Vertebrates Tetrapods Amniotes Mammals Marsupials Marsupials are divided into the following taxonomic groups: American marsupials (Ameridelphia) - There are about 100 species of American marsupials alive today. Members of the group include opossums and shrew opossums. American marsupials are the older of the two lineages of modern marsupials, which means it was members of this group that later migrated to Australia and diversified.Australian marsupials (Australidelphia) - There are about 200 species of Australian marsupials alive today. Members of this group include the Tasmanian devil, numbats, bandicoots, wombats, marsupial moles, pygmy possums, koalas, kangaroos, wallabies and many others. Australian marsupials are further divided into five groups.